Educational Webinar

WATCH: Fall Planting Fundamentals

Fall-Shipped plugs and perennials in wholesale quantities will be restocked on www.FarmerBailey.com on July 1, 2025 beginning at Noon ET.

Fall-Shipped plugs will be restocked in retail quantities (8 packs) on www.GardenClubPlants on July 7, 2025 beginning at Noon ET.

Fall planting offers an opportunity for earlier spring blooms and stronger stems on many cold-hardy annuals and perennials.

Gardeners in Zones 7 and warmer can plant a number of plugs in the open garden in fall, letting them establish roots before winter dormancy.

For those in colder zones (Zone 5 and below), extra protection such as low tunnels, frost cloth, or even greenhouse plastic may be necessary - unless you're planting hardy perennials that naturally die back and re-emerge in spring.

Zone 6 is a bit of a borderline zone, where some plants will likely survive uncovered, and others need extra protection: to be on the safe side, you should always add a layer of protection when in doubt.

Crops that are well-rooted going into winter– without excessive vegetative growth– are more likely to survive cold temperatures. Plants put on little growth during winter when day length drops below 10 hours, and their water needs are minimal. However, as the days lengthen in late winter, overwintered plants begin to grow again and may need supplemental watering, especially in protected structures. The soil must always have some moisture: damp but not saturated. Oversaturated soil will kill a plant faster than cold winter temperatures.

Be aware that results vary by region, and even hardy crops may suffer in a severe winter or an unusually wet season. Small-scale trials in your specific garden are the best way to build a reliable fall planting system.

KEY MOMENTS

0:06 Garden Club Retail Plugs
1:21 Fall Planting for Spring Harvest Intro
1:31 Filling the Spring Gap
2:17 Benefits of Fall Planting
2:52 USDA Plant Hardiness Zones
3:09 How to Find Your Zone
3:57 What Your Zone Means
5:53 Definition of Annual Plants
7:35 Definition of Biennial Plants
8:21 Definition of Perennial Plants
10:06 Fall Planting Considerations
10:39 Fertilizing
11:13 Timing
12:42 Protection
13:38 Warm Winter Spells
14:49 Watering
16:42 High Tunnels and Low Tunnels
15:52 Hardy Plants by Zone
17:52 Zone 5 and Colder Plants
20:58 Zone 6 and Colder Plants
23:09 Zones 7-8 and Colder Plants
25:09 Zones 9-10 and Colder Plants
26:08 Notes on Specific Crops
26:22 Lisianthus: Zones 8-10 Only
28:05 Stock (Matthiola)
29:36 Snapdragons and Dianthus
30:56 Digitals (Foxglove)
33:38 Delphinium
35:18 Rudbeckia triloba
36:07 Campanula
40:19 Campanula Evergreen (Biennial)
42:10 Iceland Poppies
45:02 More Crop Specific Information
45:08 www.GardenClubPlants.com Retail
45:10 www.FarmerBailey.com Wholesale
45:50 Questions and Answers

Zone by Zone

Cut flower plants appropriate for fall planting by zone. Note that some of these crops will require protection to overwinter successfully. Please watch the webinar for more information on high and low tunnel protection for specific crops.

Zone 5 & Colder

Although hardy perennials can technically be fall-planted without protection in this zone, it’s safer to err on the side of caution and protect new plantings. All others require a greenhouse, cold frame, or low tunnel to survive. Planting in the exposed garden is risky.

Zone 6

Use mulch or low tunnels for most. Dianthus and Digitalis are particularly cold-hardy. Lisianthus and Stock should only be spring-planted.

Zones 7-8

Some 8: Some marginally hardy annuals (like Helichrysum) would benefit from mulch and row cover; Lisianthus and Stock only recommended in a minimally heated hoop house or planted in spring.

Zone 7: All plugs should be protected with frost cloth during extreme cold spells.

Zones 9-10

All cool-season plants can be planted in the fall with no cover - large amounts of rain and saturated soil are more of a danger than low temperature in these zones.

May need to grow under cover if winter means large amounts of precipitation. Well-draining soil is essential for winter survivability.

Zone 9 is an excellent fall planting zone; most plants will overwinter well with no protection and bloom early. Have frost cloth ready for any extreme dips in temperature. May get frost damage on the growth tips, but this will act like a ‘pinch’ and cause the plants to bush out. Lisianthus can be fall planted with extra protection during extreme cold spells.

Notes on Specific Crops

Tips for Overwintering Success

  • Transplant about 6 weeks before the first hard frost to allow rooting and cold acclimatization.
  • Avoid fertilizers that push excessive top growth in fall. The goal is strong roots, not a lot of foliage.
  • In colder zones or with marginally hardy crops, use low tunnels or frost cloth on hoops to add winter protection.
  • Plan ahead for spring and mid-winter watering, especially in covered structures where the ground may still be frozen. Remember, plants should never be allowed to dry out fully - the soil needs to remain damp, but not over-saturated. 

With a bit of planning and the right varieties, fall planting can set you up for a beautiful, abundant spring garden.

Low Tunnels, Simplified

To build a simple low tunnel or caterpillar tunnel, bend 9- to 10-gauge wire or 1/2" EMT conduit into hoops and insert the ends into the ground every 3 to 4 feet along the row. Drape frost cloth (like Agribon 19 or 30) over the hoops, securing the edges with sandbags, boards, or landscape pins to prevent wind from lifting it. During periods of extreme cold, keep the frost cloth in place, but on sunny or mild days, open the ends or remove the cover entirely to prevent overheating and promote air circulation - this helps reduce the threat of fungal disease. Before snowfall, remove the frost cloth so snow can act as natural insulation without collapsing the structure. Always ensure the tunnel has ventilation, especially during winter warm spells, to protect your plants from excess humidity and mold.

Your Questions, Answered

The following questions were asked by participants in June 24th's live Fall Planted Fundamentals webinar on Zoom. For your invite to the next live webinar, subscribe to the Farmer Bailey or Garden Club Plants email newsletters.

If I plant snaps in November and then again in February, will I have a longer season, or will they all come up at the same time?

They will bloom in succession, but you can plant snaps from groups 1,2,3, and 4 to stagger bloom times!  Group 1 and 2 bloom first and are better grown under shorter days and cooler temperatures (winter and shoulder seasons). Groups 3 and 4 are meant to be grown during the warmest months.

I'm thinking about putting up a hoop house in central Illinois this fall. What are your top lessons learned so I don’t make stupid mistakes?

Don't forget about watering throughout the winter, and air circulation is important in all seasons! Let the plants breathe by opening the doors/sides on warmer days

Curious if I'll have better success with Snaps or Stock in Zone 6?

In zone 6, you can plant Snapdragons in the fall, but they will need some protection (frost cloth, low tunnels) over the winter for best results. Stock would be best planted in the spring.

I planted stock in November in my high tunnel. They were done blooming before Mother’s Day. I wanted them for Mother’s Day. What should I do differently?

It can be difficult to time out a crop perfectly when there are so many variables that affect the speed of growth. Stocks have a fairly short window for harvest across the crop, so you should likely plant a couple of successions in hopes that one of them hits your goal date.

Is there a fertilizer ratio that promotes fall root growth?

N:P:K is nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Nitrogen promotes lush green vegetative growth, so choose a fertilizer with a low 1st number.

Can these specialty campanula (Evergreen) overwinter here in Zone 5, Maine?

With protection, yes. They would need to be in a high tunnel, or a low tunnel with additional protection from frost cloth or Agribon during the coldest periods. I wouldn't personally plant them unprotected in the field in any zone colder than 7, but fall planting always comes with risk.

Overwintering Digitalis?

One big thing to keep in mind with Digitalis is that well-draining soil in the winter is vital. You can be in zone 5 with well-draining soil and your digitalis will overwinter better than someone in zone 7 with soggy soil.

How often do folks water in a high tunnel - in the winter - once a week?

It's really just as necessary - if you have sandy, well-draining soil you will need to water more frequently compared to someone with clay soil. Check often. Oversaturated soil will kill your plants faster than the cold; it's important that the soil drains and isn't soggy.

 I made a mistake and just had Bells of Ireland plugs delivered. It’s 104 degrees this week in PA, and I’m afraid to put them out. I’m thinking of a shade cloth, but is there anything else I can do to try and get the best I can out of them? I do not have any tunnels.

Shade cloth and keep them irrigated is your best bet. They won't be happy off the bat, but crossing my fingers they establish for you in the heat! Try an earlier delivery next year, they can handle being planted before your last frost date, and prefer that cool establishment period

You might want to consider a broad-spectrum fungicide once they establish because Bells are prone to foliar diseases in heat and humidity, bacterial leaf spot, and the like. Keep an eye out for it on the lower leaves.

How do I encourage my Sweet William to perennialize?  How low should I deadhead it?  Does it need foliage through the summer?

Yes, leave foliage through the summer. Just keep it cut back/deadheaded. It shouldn't die back fully

Any advice on how to prevent rodent and rabbit damage in a high tunnel in the winter?  Rabbits ate my Lisianthus and Poppies, which I know are generally resistant.

Rodents are definitely tricky in a tunnel! Rabbits and voles are both prevalent. Maybe others can chime in on what works for them. I'm not the best with mammal pests. Don't keep your landscape fabric down in the winter

Via flower farmer Betsy Hany:  I use organic spray - Liquid Fence. It STINKS. But it WORKS. Someone else may say “get a cat.” I will not be that someone, but I’ve heard it works!

I wish the Iceland Poppies had better control for thrips.  The Colibris are weak as far as disease resistance as it is, and as the heat comes on, they get damaged by thrips.  We've put in place nematodes, but I wish the breeders could make them hardier.  It's either a disease or thrips.  They also get smaller and smaller as the warmth comes.  However, we still grow about 600-750 Colibris each winter because they are a favorite.

Colibris really do best fall planted because they struggle so hard when the heat hits. Mine always gets hit with thrips. I find Champagne Bubbles a little more easygoing but the flowers are a little less spectacular. The Colibris were bred for more temperate zones, so I feel like they do better in those mild areas.

Can Dianthus Kiwi Mellow be overwintered?

It should overwinter OK in zone 6 and warmer, maybe colder zones if in a hoop. It was bred in the Netherlands and hasn't been extensively trialed in colder areas, but it's a barbatus type, which are generally very hardy.

I'm in zone 9B in FL, I planted my Lisianthus plugs mid-December in field, groups 1 and 2, but they both bloomed almost a week apart, and some were a little short, do you recommend planting earlier?

Theoretically, that timing should work - don't be shy with irrigation and fertilizer, as this also really helps Lisianthus grow well and reach their full potential. It wouldn't hurt to plant them earlier, more like October.

 I’m in zone 5, with a high tunnel that has a heater to keep from freezing. Should I follow Bailey’s suggestions for zone 5 or zone 6 selections?

This is great! You can grow almost any cool-season crop over the winter if you have a heater and you're keeping the temperature above 0F overnight. Some things won't grow much because the day length will be too short to support active vegetative growth, but they will take off as soon as day length gets long enough.

What is the best variety of Snapragons to plant, zone 6, in the fall for spring blooms?

If you want an early bloom, grow groups 1 and 2! Chantilly is a favourite if you like open-faced snaps. We have a few varieties in those groups on our website.

Should Stock be planted two to three plugs per 6-inch square?

2 or 3 per square according to the Growing Guide https://farmerbailey.com/pages/stock

Our plugs often come multi-seeded and grow well if left with 2 plants per plug.

In Week 38 we are planting seedlings in the ground, correct?  Not seeds?  Like Larkspur, grows well from direct sown seeds.  Thoughts?

That falls mid-September, you should likely be planting plugs then, depending on where you are and how early your first hard frost is. You could direct sow Larkspur seeds then as well, they are hardy as little seedlings over the winter.

Any plans to carry Echebeckia?

Not at this time, but we can add to the wish list! Add your wishlist crops here:

https://farmerbailey.com/pages/product-request-form

What would cause delphinium to have skinnier stems? Some of mine have great, thick stems, while others have skinny stems. Tends to be the non-Elatum types. Do they need a specific nutrient?

Via flower farmer Betsy Hany: The big-time English growers of delphinium recommend thinning out the number of stems you allow to grow up and bloom. I tried this with half my crop of Astolat this year. It worked! The stems on the plants I thinned were wicked thick, while the others were quite a bit thinner. I kind of like both for some design purposes and will be continuing this method of 50/50 moving forward.

Has anyone in zone 4 had success with overwintering feverfew?

You should theoretically be able to! I would suggest planting them early enough to establish a bit before the cold hits. Mine overwinters and spreads (reseeds) no problem here in the open field in zone 5.

Should I pinch fall fall-planted Campanula in early spring? Zone 5/6.

I wouldn't suggest pinching Campanula.

I’m confused! You showed Iceland poppies on zone 5 and colder slide but this says zone 7 😅 can someone explain?

Zone 5 and 6 with protection. You might be able to get away in zone 6 in the open field, but it's a gamble! Depends on the severity of your winter weather. Zone 7, unprotected, you should be OK.

Via flower farmer Sarah Schneider: Zone 5 with protection.

Will the tissue culture Campanula Evergreen live for multiple years?  Specifically in NH zone 5 in high tunnel.

They are true biennials and will likely die after flowering. They are pretty new on the market and have not been extensively trialed in the US, so this is just educated speculation.

So I plant in the fall so the roots can establish and use a low tunnel for protection (for some).... do I put the tunnel on before the harsh winter hits or right away?  The weather is typically still nice until December in zone 6, where I live.

While the weather is warm/cool, they don't need to be sealed up under cover. Plants prefer good air movement and ventilation, so I would only cover them with plastic when the temperature forces you to.

 How do you get the cool-season annuals germinated in the warm season, like fall? Chamber?

Yes, our growers have large professional germination chambers that keep the temperature and humidity at the perfect level.

If I fall plant Digitalis and then cut it back after blooming, will it get a second flush? I’m in zone 6 in Michigan.

Absolutely, you will get smaller side shoots. The first/main cut is typically the largest.

What is necessary to successfully grow Gemstone anemones in zone 6a?

Likely a minimally heated tunnel to keep the temperature above 0F at night. Anemones from seed need a longer period of cool weather compared to Anemones from tubers. They need to be planted earlier and take a little longer to get to blooming size.

What are your top 5 all-time favorite cool annuals?

Campanula, Hummingbird Poppies, Pansies, Delphinium (not truly and annual, but often grown as an annual), Stock (for the incredible fragrance.) 

Zone 7…of all discussed, which could be successfully fall planted, used as potted plants in spring?

All of the annual plants can be planted in pots and dragged into the garage for very cold spells. 18" pot, 3-5 Campanula plugs. Pinch for multiple stems. Easy way to have a giant impact. Putting a few showy annuals in a pot is a great way to celebrate spring, show off a bit… Put something showy in a fancy pot, fill it with flowers.

How early we can start fall planting in zone 9b - FL, even if in October, sometimes is as high as 80F.  Any plug that can take that temp?

We see people in that region planting around Thanksgiving, can push it later than other people. Crop dependent, but after Thanksgiving is safe for nearly everything. 

Does temperature affect stock size? Is there a variety of stock that does best in 9b? The past two years, mine hasn't grown more than 12 in. I understand now that feeding is most likely my problem, but does temperature affect size as well? I've planted Oct-Jan in past years.

You may be getting too much heat or hot intervals. Get them in the ground and feed a lot right away, grow as fast as you can.  Plant around Thanksgivng as days shorten and temps cool. 

Can I grow Tweedia & Geum in Zone 10a? Or is summer too hot?

Don't know for sure.  Geum will overwinter. I've had it for 2 years, but it’s not flowering well for me; you may want a bit of chill. Tweedia is hardier than we give it credit for, zone 8 perhaps.

Can you please let us know if the newer Campanula Evergreen varieties will overwinter in zone 5 without heat undercover?

I wouldn't risk it! They have been developed in the Netherlands, which is more like zone 8/9. haven't been extensively trialled in colder US zones. I would still plant them, just give them cover.

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